Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a fundamental molecular biology tool that scientists use to amplify and analyze genetic material, such as DNA and RNA. PCR involves the enzymatic amplification of ...

Designing reproducible PCR assays involves optimizing multiple moving targets, from standardizing each component in sometimes minute reaction volumes to planning ahead to ensure long-term and secure ...

Despite its utility, PCR’s main limitation is that it requires precise cycles of heating and cooling to amplify DNA. The thermal cyclers that perform this operation are clunky, relatively expensive, ...