In previous issues, we have discussed troubleshooting input modules. In the examples, the output modules checked out OK. But what if they don't? As with input modules, output modules can be digital or ...

Industry 4.0 marks the fourth industrial revolution, characterized by distributed, intelligent control systems. Breaking from a past with large, centralized programmable-logic controllers, Industry ...

I/O modules are building blocks of industrial control systems used in end equipment such as PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers), PAC (Programmable Automation Controller) and DCS (Distributed Control ...

Optoisolators—also called optocouplers or photoisolators—are widely used to provide galvanic (ohmic) isolation of digital-signal inputs and outputs in industrial environments, as well as in other ...

Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) output driver chips are popular with embedded designers because they provide multiple outputs without using any CPU I/O pins. This article explains how to adapt a ...

In our previous two issues, we discussed troubleshooting digital output modules. Troubleshooting analog modules is a bit more complicated, for two reasons: Analog modules aren't on/off, as digital ...