This column is the fourth in a series on parameter estimation, leading up to the justly famous Kalman filter. The discipline is based on the fact that our knowledge of the state of any real-world ...

Gaussian curves, normal curves and bell curves are synonymous. Each represents how statistical data with normal distribution plots on a graph. Normal distribution describes a particular way statistics ...

A bell curve is a graph used to visualize the distribution of a set of chosen values across a specified group that tend to have central, normal values that peak, with low and high extremes tapering ...

Discover how tail risk impacts portfolios, why rare financial events matter, and strategies for safeguarding investments against significant, unexpected losses.