High-speed rail (HSR) is rapidly evolving, promising to revolutionize transportation by offering faster, more efficient travel options. As countries invest in these systems, understanding their future ...

Urban rail systems are a critical component of contemporary urban mobility, where efficient management of passenger flow and minimisation of dwell time are essential for ensuring service reliability ...

As a core component of urban public transportation systems, regional and urban railways exhibit intrinsic advantages, including high safety, operational efficiency, large passenger capacity, energy ...